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Set Your Timing

Setting the timing on your engine is one of the most misunderstood adjustments, the information on these pages will help you understand and answer all of your questions about ignition timing.

How to set your ignition timing

Distribution Operation

Distributor Operation

The distributor of a typical engine has a lot more responsibility than just distributing the spark to the correct cylinder (which in itself is a feat). It is also triggers the coil to release the high voltage, in many cases it turns the oil pump, it distributes the spark to eight different cylinders and it alters the timing of the system. The distributor could be the hardest working part of your ignition system and this is why it is important to ensure that your distributor is up to the task of delivering the performance and power that you expect from your engine.


Distributor Cutaway

Distributors have changed over the years. From plastic to billet housing materials, trigger mechanisms, timing controls and other items have all been modified over the years, yet most models will perform some if not all of the following duties:


  • Distribute the spark to different cylinders
  • Trigger the secondary side of the ignition
  • Alter the ignition timing
  • Driving the oil pump

Most distributors are driven by the camshaft through gears with a one-to-one ratio. (This means the distributor turns at camshaft speed, or half of crank speed.) There are a two important parts attached to the shaft; a trigger wheel and the rotor. The trigger wheel will vary depending on the type of trigger being used, but you will notice that it will have a tooth, or lobe or space for each cylinder of the engine. The rotor delivers the high voltage from the coil to the correct cap terminal. When the coil fires, the voltage is transferred through the coil wire to the center terminal of the distributor cap. This terminal contacts the center of the rotor, moves across the rotor and jumps across a small gap to the spark plug terminal of the cap. All of this occurs in fractions of a second and thousands of times.


Timing Settings

Timing Settings

As your engine rpm and load varies, so does the need for your timing. At idle, a spark occurs on a piston’s compression stroke a few degrees before it reaches TDC. At this point, the fuel mixture is ignited beginning the combustion process. The act of combustion remains fairly constant but because the piston is travelling at a much higher speed, the initiation of the combustion process needs to occur sooner. Therefore the spark must occur more earlier in the compression stroke to generate the best combustion and power results. To meet these demands, distributors are equipped with an advance mechanism that operates through centrifugal force.


This mechanical advance assembly is made up of two weights that are pushed out by the spinning force of the distributor. Springs are attached to these weights to control the rate at which they are forced out by the spinning motion. The weights are mounted on an advance plate which is attached to the trigger assembly of the distributor so it moves forward resulting in the ignition being triggered earlier (advanced).


By swapping different tension springs you can alter how quickly the timing advances. A spring with less tension lets the weight spin out easier to advance the timing quickly. Many companies offer advance kits that consists of different weights and springs to fit a variety of distributors so you can dial-in an advance curve to match your engine’s needs.


The mechanical advance is an important element is tuning your engine. A slow advance can hinder performance while too much advance can cause pre-ignition resulting a loss of power or even engine damage. This is why it is important to check the timing at idle and at higher rpm so you know what the total advance is at.


The advance assembly is mounted on top of distributor shaft on all of MSD’s distributors which makes changes even easier. To stop the amount of advance, there is a stop bushing under the advance plate that can be replaced. This way you have better control, and an easier time adjusting, over the total timing.


Mechanical Advance

The operation of a mechanical advance assembly is based on the physics of centrifugal force. As the distributor spins, the weights overcome the tension of the springs and push out from the center of the distributor. This movement advances the trigger function of the distributor, therefore the timing also advances.


Timing Terms


There are three timing terms you’ll hear during bench racing sessions; Initial timing, mechanical (or centrifugal) advance, and total timing.


Initial timing refers to where the timing is set at an idle. This is also where you position the distributor when setting the timing. Generally, this will be 6° or 12° or something lower, depending on the application.


Mechanical timing refers to the amount of advance that the weights, or advance assembly add to the initial. For instance, a distributor may be set up to supply 21° of centrifugal advance.


Total timing is the term given to the highest amount of advance. This is when the initial timing is added to the mechanical timing. For instance, if an engine has 10° of initial combined with 21° of mechanical, the total timing is 31° BTDC. Note that Total timing never includes vacuum advance.


Timing Chart

This chart shows a typical timing set up with the initial set at 10° with the centrifugal advance starting to move at about 1500 rpm and reaching total timing 28° at 3500 rpm. (Meaning an 18° timing advance curve.)


Timing Chart

Vacuum Advance

Vacuum advance is primarily used in an effort to improve economy, therefore you won’t hear much about vacuum advance when discussing performance and racing. There is little to no vacuum during wide open throttle which means no vacuum advance any way!


A vacuum advance canister provides a way to advance the ignition timing during moderate and part throttle conditions. This is when the load on the engine is less and vacuum is higher. There is a diaphragm inside the canister which is connected to a linkage connected to the pickup plate in the distributor. When vacuum is applied, the plate is pulled which advances when the trigger signal is created. When the engine accelerates, vacuum drops so the advance returns to the original position.


When connecting the vacuum advance, most applications connect to a port above the throttle plates. This is called ported vacuum compared to manifold vacuum which comes straight from the intake manifold. The difference here is that manifold vacuum is there constantly while the ported source provides vacuum only when the throttle blades are open. The amount of advance that occurs varies by application but generally ranges from 10°-15°. Some companies even offer an adjustable vacuum advance canister. This lets you set the exact amount of vacuum advance that your engine requires.


Stock Vacuum Advance

Most vacuum advance canisters are connected to a ported vacuum source (above the throttle plates on a carburetor). This way, there is only advance when the throttle is being applied.


Adjustable Vacumm Advance

Some aftermarket vacuum canisters are adjustable through the vacuum port.

Tools and Resources

Timing Lights

Timing Light

As with most tools, there are several versions of timing lights available, and they can range from cheap to upwards of a couple hundred dollars. When you’re shopping for a light, ask yourself what you’re looking to accomplish along how much you can spend. If you’re only going to be setting the timing occasionally on your street machine you may not need the super cool light with the latest gizmos and gadgets. If your engine strives on timing changes within a half a degree, stepping up to better quality may be required.


MSD offers a couple different timing lights; a Standard Light and a Self Powered Light. Both have removable leads (for safety and storage) with clamp on pickups. The nice thing about the Self Powered version is that it doesn’t need to be connected to the battery.


Timing Tapes

Timing Tape

You can have the brightest, most accurate timing light available, but if you don’t have a clear timing mark on the balancer or pointer, it’s not going to do you any good. Stock balancers will just have a timing line stamped at the TDC point for the number one cylinder, so there’s not much of a chance to check the total advance. MSD offers a Timing Tape PN 8985 that you apply to the balancer so you can accurately check the total timing of your engine.


Timing Curves

Timing Curves

The charts below show the variety of timing curves available on an MSD Distributor simply by changing the advance springs and stop bushing.


MSD Timing Curves

FAQ

1. Which Timing is Right for me?

The tricky thing about ignition timing is that one setting is just not ideal for the variety of different conditions an engine goes through. When it comes to achieving optimum torque and horsepower throughout the entire RPM range, the ignition timing curve is imperative. The timing that you need during cranking and at an idle is not sufficient for high-RPM operation. Conversely, ideal high-RPM timing is not going to go over well during cranking or low speed operation. As RPM increases, the engine requires different ignition timing due to a list of changes that occur to the air/fuel mixture entering the cylinder. The main reason is the reduction in time that the mixture has to completely combust before the piston reaches top dead center (TDC) due to its increased speed.


These statistics all need to be considered when you're looking for the optimum timing setting for your application. Many engine shops or manufacturers will be able to point you in the right direction when setting the timing. Testing and tuning are the best tools you can use:


Factor Advance Timing for: Retard Timing for:
Cylinder Pressure Low High
Vacuum High Low
Energy of Ignition Low High
Fuel Octane High Low
Mixture (Air/Fuel) Rich Lean
Temperature Cool Hot
Combustion Chamber Shape Open Compact
Spark Plug Location Offset Center
Combustion Turbulence Low High
Load Light Heavy

2. What do you have to replace my points distributor and what are the advantages with electronic versus points?

MSD does not have a module to replace the breaker points system in your stock distributor, however an MSD Ignition Control will work great with a points trigger ignition. In fact, if you replace the points when you install your MSD, you’ll probably won’t have to replace or adjust them for years!


The MSD’s trigger wire connects directly to the breaker points wire so when the points open, the MSD is triggered. Since the MSD’s capacitor is responsible for sending the spark energy to the coil, the points are only used as a trigger reference signal. With this connection there is very little current crossing the points so the wear is nominal at best. Also, the MSD controls the dwell so the adjustment of the points is not that critical either. This setup works great with street cars and budget racers, but when you begin stepping up performance more and more, the need for a quality distributor comes into play.


MSD’s Pro-Billet Distributors are engineered to deliver precise trigger signals, provide accurate distribution of the sparks and are reliable. A magnetic pickup is used to trigger the ignition. Unlike points, this pickup is maintenance-free and is capable of accurate trigger signals throughout 10,000 rpm.


3. What is the best spark plug gap for my application?

The spark plug is the point in the ignition system where electrical energy is converted into heat, consequently, the larger the gap the greater the amount of heat available to light the air/fuel mixture. However, too large of gap combined with increased cylinder pressures can put excessive pressures on the initial voltage needed to ionize (cross) the gap. Finding the optimum plug gap for your application is best determined by experimentation because there are so many engine variables to consider.


An MSD Ignition Control has enough output power to consistently fire wider spark plug gaps on a performance engine. As a starting point, follow the engine builder or manufacturer’s recommendation for the plug gap. With that, you can experiment with increasing the gap until the best performance is found.


As a rule of thumb, it is recommended to increase the plug gap by .005” - .010” followed by testing and tuning. Keep in mind that larger spark plug gaps also place increasing demands on the secondary portion of the ignition system including the distributor cap and rotor, coil wire, and spark plug wires. They should all be in top condition and checked periodically during the race season. Remember that electricity takes the path of least resistance to a ground so if the gap is too large the spark may short to another point with less resistance.


4. What’s the differences between a Capacitive Discharge (CD) ignition like an MSD and my stock ignition system?

The biggest difference is that the majority of stock ignitions are inductive ignitions. Inductive ignition systems are used due to their simplicity and inexpensive production. For stock applications these ignitions are adequate, but when it comes to gaining performance, factory inductive ignitions fall short.


The primary weak link of a stock ignition is because the coil serves double duty. The coil must act as a step-up transformer to create a higher voltage spark, plus it needs to store this power until the ignition is triggered. As engine rpm increases there isn’t enough time to completely step-up the voltage before the ignition is triggered resulting in a weaker spark. This low voltage spark may not be enough to light the fuel mixture in the cylinder which will result in a misfire and loss of power.


A CD ignition, like an MSD 6 Series, is capable of producing full power sparks throughout the entire rpm range. It draws its energy directly from the battery where a custom wound transformer steps it up to over 460 volts. This voltage is then stored in a capacitor until the ignition is triggered. At this point, all of the voltage is dumped into the coil where it is transformed into even more voltage, anywhere from 30,000 - 45,000 volts depending on the coil, which is sent to the distributor and finally to the plugs.


The ability to produce high power sparks throughout the entire rpm range of your engine is why you need a CD ignition. The payoff is complete combustion of the fuel mixture which results in more power, increased throttle response, a smooth idle, quick starts, improved economy and reduced plug fouling.


All engines will benefit from a CD ignition but when you’re planning on engine modifications, the need for an MSD Ignition increases. In particular, if you’re planning these types of engine modifications, you should be installing a CD ignition:


  • Improving air flow into the engine or richening the fuel mixture (rejetting or larger injectors)
  • Adding a super/turbocharger or a nitrous oxide system
  • Increasing the compression ratio and consistent high rpm operation

5. Why does an MSD produce multiple sparks and what are the benefits?

Conventional CD ignitions supply one spark of intense energy but for a short duration (time). An MSD uses multiple sparking technology to take advantage of the quick rise time and power of a CD Ignition by producing a series of sparks. More sparks equal more heat in the combustion chamber resulting in complete combustion of the fuel mixture which produces more power. At lower rpm, there are many benefits to multiple sparks including a smooth idle, improved throttle response plus the spark series prevents fouling plugs or fuel loading up in the cylinder when air/fuel distribution is poor.


The multiple spark series of an MSD Ignition Control lasts for 20° of crankshaft rotation. At lower rpm, 1,000 rpm for example, there is plenty of time to fire the plug a number of times to ensure ignition of the fuel mixture. As rpm increases, the piston travels up on the compression stroke faster resulting in a shorter amount of time available to fire the plug so the number of sparks that occur decreases. By about 3,000-3,300 rpm, there is only enough time to fire the plug once. From about this rpm range on, an MSD ignition control delivers one intense, full power spark.


6. What size battery do I need if using an MSD ignition?

The battery is the fuel tank for the ignition system (magnetos excluded). When it’s empty there is no electrical power available for the ignition system to convert into heat at the plug gap. In long duration racing events such as circle track racing, an alternator is highly recommended. In drag racing, a charging system is not a complete necessity as long as you have a good battery and charge it in between each round. Also keep in mind that electric fuel and water pumps, fans and solenoids eat up a lot of current as well.


Race cars without charging systems must have a battery with a large enough capacity to power all the electrical parts. For example, an MSD 6 or 7 series ignition consumes approximately one amp per thousand rpm, so at 5,000 rpm the MSD alone is using five amps. An MSD is designed to produce full power sparks with a supply voltage of 10 volts, but if the supply drops below that, ignition output will suffer.


An MSD can be used with 16 volt batteries, but no performance gain will occur because the output power of the MSD is regulated. The advantage of a 16 volt battery is increased electrical capacity. For more information on battery requirements with an MSD, ask your MSD Customer Support Tech for our Battery Tech Bulletin.


7. How do I fix:

  • A high rpm miss when the engine is under load?
  • An rpm limiter that seems to activate at the wrong rpm?
  • Erratic operation of electronic devices/ECUs?
  • A tachometer needle that seems to “bounce”?

All of the above can be caused by Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) generated by the ignition system. Specifically through the coil and spark plug wires. The ignition system is a miniature power station and the spark plug wires are its transmission lines. The wires (in particular, “solid core” wires) can broadcast EMI that seeps into electronics and causes erratic behavior.


To combat EMI you need to run a set of helically wound spark plug wires such as MSD’s Heli-Core or 8.5mm Super Conductor Wires. Having the conductor wound around a special center core produces a “choke” that holds EMI inside the wire. Solid core wires on the other hand, have no suppression capabilities and should not be used with an MSD Ignition. MSD’s Super Conductor Wires have extremely low resistance (less than 50 ohms per foot), yet are designed to suppress EMI like a high resistance wire.


Other steps to avoid EMI problems include routing your coil’s primary wires away from other plug wires. The magnetic pickup harness coming from the distributor or crank trigger should be routed away from other wires and is a good idea to have it mounted along a metal surface that will act as a ground plain. MSD also offers a six feet long shielded mag pickup cable, PN 8862, that can be used if you are having problems with EMI interfering with other electronics on your vehicle.



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